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6. Polystyrene (PS) Types: It is divided into foamed and unfoamed categories. Foamed refers to the commonly seen foam plastic lunch boxes. Unfoamed refers to items like yogurt plastic bottle and the cap. Unfoamed PS shows white marks when lightly bent and can usually be torn apart by hand. Commonly Used For: Ice cream containers, fast food boxes, cheap transparent products, foam plastics, CD cases, water cups, and thermal insulation material layers. Advantages: It has excellent transparency and heat resistance, and is often used to hold high-temperature food, such as bowled instant noodles (though paper containers are mostly used now). It also has good cold resistance, making it popular for various shaved ice containers. Warnings: If the temperature is too high, it will release harmful substances. It cannot be put into a microwave oven for heating, and it should not be used to hold piping hot food. At the same time, it cannot hold strong acidic (such as fruit juice) and strong alkaline substances. If PS encounters strong acidic or alkaline substances, it will produce harmful substances. Be careful when using PS utensils; do not fill them with acidic or alkaline foods. Do not use fast food boxes to pack piping hot food, and do not use a microwave oven to heat bowled instant noodles. Safety Risks: Additionally, polystyrene is flammable, especially foamed PS. Burning generates a large amount of toxic gases. In some high-rise building fire accidents, because the insulation layer material used widely available PS foam boards, the large amount of heavy smoke and toxic gases generated after catching fire became the main cause of heavy casualties. 7. Polycarbonate (PC) Introduction: It is synthesized using Bisphenol A and diphenyl carbonate as raw materials , and is commonly used to manufacture water kettles, water cups, feeding bottles, etc. During the manufacturing process of PC, the raw material Bisphenol A should completely become part of the plastic structural component and should not be released during use. However, substandard products cannot achieve this, and a small part of Bisphenol A that fails to completely convert into the plastic will be released into food when heated, which is harmful to children and fetuses. (The 2011 PC feeding bottle incident was triggered by this) . It is currently the most common material for water cups; many department stores and car manufacturers use water cups made of this material as giveaways. Commonly Used For: In daily life, it is often used for transparent water cups, feeding bottles, drinking water buckets, CD substrates, lenses, and lamp covers. Advantages: It features good light transmission, excellent heat resistance, impact resistance, and resistance to weak acids, weak bases, and neutral oils. Compared to a heavy glass bottle, it is much lighter and more impact-resistant. Warnings: It has poor UV resistance and weatherability ; the surface is not wear-resistant and is easily scratched ; it is not resistant to strong bases. 8. Polyamide (PA) Introduction: Mentioning the other name of polyamide: Nylon—everyone must be familiar with it. The polyamide family is very powerful and has many varieties, all of which possess excellent physical and chemical properties. This is also the reason why PA is widely used in the electronic appliance and automotive industries. In daily life, nylon ropes and nylon socks are also common items. Spun PA fiber is called chinlon, which is used for fishing lines, fishing nets, ropes, and conveyor belts. Commonly Used For: Nylon ropes, nylon socks, fishing lines, fishing nets, ropes, conveyor belts, etc. Advantages: Nylon is non-toxic and has good heat resistance. Especially because it is heat-resistant and not easily deformed, it can even be used in the manufacture of engine components. Warnings: Nylon has poor ventilation and breathability, and it easily generates static electricity. 9. ABS Resin Introduction: There are many types of ABS, which are widely used in various appliance casings, office supply components, safety helmets, doors, windows, and pipelines. In industry, ABS is commonly used for the blending modification of other plastics. Advantages: ABS has many advantages, but it still possesses the common characteristic of plastics: it is not heat-resistant. Usage Warnings: ABS is non-toxic, but it is mostly used for structural materials. Its application in daily utensil packaging is rare. 10. Blends (Alloys) Introduction: Since a single plastic can hardly meet complex usage requirements, the plastic industry often mixes different plastics together to make plastic alloys. This can leverage the advantages of different materials while saving the cost of developing new materials. Main Applications: Plastic alloys are widely used in various structural materials. For example, mobile phone cases are mostly PC-ABS alloys ; some drainage pipes are made into alloys of two types of PE to meet performance and processing needs, which is called bimodal polyethylene. Usage Warnings: Although it combines the advantages of multiple plastics, the material is ultimately still plastic, and heat resistance remains the biggest disadvantage. However, in practical applications, most products will not come into contact with high temperatures. As long as you pay attention to the application environment, plastic is absolutely a cheap and applicable good material.  

1. PET: Polyethylene Terephthalate Applications: Commonly used to make mineral water bottles, cola beverage bottles,juice bottles, screen protective films, and other transparent protective films, usually colorless and transparent. Because it can only withstand heat up to 70℃, this kind of beverage bottle (PET bottle) is only suitable for cold and warm drinks. Filling it with high-temperature liquids (such as hot boiled water) or heating it makes it easily deformed, and substances harmful to the human body will dissolve out. Moreover,after 10 months of use, this plastic product may release carcinogens, which are toxic to the human body.   Other uses: PET can also be spun into fibers, which is what we commonly call polyester, hence the saying during the Olympics about recycling beverage bottles to make clothes. Many sports clothes pursuing breathability and lightness are made of polyester. The clothing fabric "Que Liang" popular a long time ago was also this material, but limited by the backward spinning methods at that time, Que Liang clothing was not as comfortable to wear as today's. In addition, PET also has many engineering applications.   Commonly used for: Filling mineral water, carbonated drinks, juice, etc.   Advantages: High transparency, the contents of the bottle can be clearly seen; acid and alkali resistance, can hold carbonated drinks; high water resistance, not easy to seep out.   Note: Non-toxic, but the synthesis process may retain monomers, low molecular weight oligomers, and side reaction products such as diethylene glycol, which have a certain toxicity. The state has strict standards for PET raw materials used in beverage bottles. Plastic bottles (PET bottles) made of PET material cannot be left in cars to bask in the sun; do not use them to hold wine, oil, or other substances, as harmful substances can easily dissolve out. Also, do not fill them with liquids above 70℃, as excessively high temperatures will cause the material to decompose and release harmful chemicals.   2. HDPE: High-Density Polyethylene Applications: Suitable for holding food and medicine, cleaning products and bathing products (which may use a lotion pump or sprayer pump), shopping bags, trash cans, etc. Currently, most of the plastic bags used in supermarkets and shopping malls are made of this material, which can withstand high temperatures of 110℃, and plastic bags marked for food use can be used to hold food. HDPE is widely used in various translucent and opaque plastic containers, feeling thicker to the touch.   Commonly used for: White medicine bottles, opaque shampoo bottles (HDPE bottle), yogurt bottles, chewing gum bottles, etc.   Advantages: Relatively resistant to various corrosive solutions, mostly used in cleaning products, bathing products, etc.   Note: Bottles holding cleaning products and bathing products can be reused after cleaning, but these containers are usually not washed clean, and the remaining substances will become a breeding ground for bacteria. It is best not to recycle them,and it is especially not recommended to use them as recycled containers for holding food and medicine.   3. PVC: Polyvinyl Chloride Applications: PVC is now mostly used to manufacture some cheap artificial leather,floor mats, drainage pipes, etc. Due to its good electrical properties and certain self-extinguishing flame retardancy, it is widely used in the manufacturing of wire and cable sheaths. In addition, PVC is widely used in industrial fields, especially where high resistance to acid and alkali corrosion is required.   Commonly used for: Raincoats, PVC plastic conduits, water pipes, plastic switches,sockets.   Advantages: High strength, weather resistance, and good corrosion resistance.   Note: This material can only withstand heat up to 81℃, so it cannot be used in places with high temperatures. A large amount of plasticizers (such as DOP) and heat stabilizers containing heavy metals are used in PVC production, and it is difficult to eliminate the presence of free monomers during the synthesis process. It easily releases toxic substances when encountering high temperatures and oils, and is easily carcinogenic, so PVC is often replaced by PP and PE in contact with the human body, especially in medical and food applications.   4. LDPE: Low-Density Polyethylene Applications: Plastic films, plastic wraps, and packaging boxes like paper milk boxes and beverage boxes all use it as a coating film. It is mostly used for plastic film utensils and is not suitable as a beverage container.   Commonly used for: Plastic wrap, plastic film, squeeze tube packaging for toothpaste or facial cleanser.   Advantages: Good ductility, extremely widely used in daily life.   Note: Since LDPE products will soften or even melt at higher temperatures, try to avoid using them under temperatures higher than boiling water (100℃). Plastic wrap will experience thermal melting when the temperature exceeds 110℃; therefore,before putting food into a microwave oven, the wrapped plastic wrap must be removed first.   5. PP: Polypropylene Applications: Microwave lunch boxes are made of this material, which can withstand high temperatures of 130℃ with poor transparency. This is the only plastic box that can be put into a microwave oven and can be reused after careful cleaning.PP has high hardness and a glossy surface. The range of use for PP is also very wide, including daily necessities such as packaging, toys, washbasins, buckets,clothes hangers, water cups, bottles, etc.; engineering applications such as car bumpers, etc. PP spun into fiber is called polypropylene fiber, which is very common in textiles, non-woven fabrics, ropes, fishing nets, and other products.   Commonly used for: Disposable juice and beverage cups, plastic food trays,crisper boxes, etc.   Advantages: Good air permeability, maximum heat resistance temperature up to 167℃, and it is the lightest plastic container.   Note: If the temperature is too high, harmful gases will still diffuse out. In addition,the box body of some microwave lunch boxes is made of PP, but the box lid (cap) is made of No. 6 PS. Check carefully before use, and if this is the case, remove the box lid (cap) before heating. Compared with PE products, PP products have slightly better heat resistance. The typical Lock&Lock water cup can reach a usage temperature of 110℃, but higher temperatures run the risk of softening and melting,which should be avoided as much as possible.

As a commonly used packaging accessory, the lotion pump and treatment pump are widely applied in industries such as daily chemicals and personal care, often paired with a plastic bottle or cream bottle. Whether it is a customer selecting a lotion pump or treatment pump product for their plastic bottle, or a manufacturer recommending a suitable pump to an end customer, factors such as bottle mouth size, content compatibility, content viscosity/fluidity, discharge output, and packaging form need to be considered. 01 Selection Based on the Caliper/Neck Specification Matching the Lotion Pump and the Plastic Bottle or Cream Bottle The matching of the lotion pump or treatment pump and the bottle mouth is mainly based on screw thread pairing, which follows a general standard within the industry. Generally, suppliers manufacture lotion pump products according to this standard, and customers select the appropriate pump based on these specifications to fit their plastic bottle. · Common neck diameters: 18mm, 20mm, 22mm, 24mm, 28mm, 33mm, 38mm · Common finish specifications: 400, 410, 415   Sealing Test Item in Testing and Quality Control:Colored water (or actual content) is filled into the plastic bottle according to the product specifications. The pump head and the cream bottle or plastic bottle are assembled using the corresponding torque based on different neck diameters. The actuator is kept in a locked state and placed horizontally for a vacuum test at -0.03 to -0.06 MPa for 5 minutes (requirements may vary among different customers). After the test, there must be no leakage at the joint between the screw thread and the bottle mouth, the joint between the closure and the housing, and the actuator area. At the same time, it is required that the screw thread and the bottle mouth fit smoothly, without any thread stripping, jamming, or tilting. The bottle mouth of the plastic bottle or cream bottle is formed by injection molding, which offers a more stable process, higher dimensional accuracy of the mouth, and higher thread precision, meeting elevated sealing requirements. Regarding the bottle mouth structure of the product, the following aspects are generally considered: 1. Shape: Under normal circumstances, the shape of the bottle mouth is designed to be circular. A circular shape is more conducive to ensuring the dimensional accuracy of the bottle mouth, achieving better sealing cooperation with the cap, and optimizing the wall thickness distribution of the plastic bottle body during blow molding. 2. Bottle Mouth Structure: It is generally divided into a threaded structure and a snap-on structure. The threaded structure is more conducive to the sealing effect of the fit between the plastic bottle or cream bottle and the cap. It is frequently used in pharmaceutical packaging, liquid beverages, and cosmetic cream bottle packaging. Combined with various screw caps, safety caps, spray heads, treatment pump options, and lotion pump designs, it offers high sealing reliability. The size and form of the thread can be flexibly selected according to product needs. The snap-on structure is commonly used for solid or paste packaging, but can also be used for liquid packaging. Its advantage is convenience of use, making it suitable for high-speed filling. However, when used for liquid packaging in a plastic bottle, careful attention must be paid to the design of the cap material, sealing structure, and interference fit, while maintaining proper process control to ensure its sealing performance. 3. Bottle Mouth Size: For PET materials used in a plastic bottle, the bottle mouth size is relatively flexible. However, for PP materials, which are more suitable for molding a wide-mouth cream bottle or jar, the bottle mouth should not be too small; otherwise, it will significantly affect product molding and wall thickness distribution. Generally, the ratio of the bottle body diameter to the bottle mouth diameter is less than 2 times. 02 Selection Based on the Viscosity/Fluidity Characteristics of the Liquid Content Brand owners will have specific data regarding the viscosity/fluidity of the liquid content, but for lotion pump and treatment pump manufacturers, this data is often lacking. Usually, the liquid content can be poured into a beaker, and the determination can be made based on the condition of the liquid surface: A. If the liquid surface can reach a horizontal level instantly without leaving any traces on the surface, all lotion pump varieties, treatment pump options, and derived pumps can be used. One only needs to consider the characteristics of the liquid formulation to choose the appropriate one for the plastic bottle. B. If the liquid surface can reach a horizontal level quickly but has slight accumulation traces on the surface, the spray effect of a spray pump needs to be verified; other lotion pump models, treatment pump designs, and derived pumps can all be used. C. If the liquid surface takes 1–2 seconds to reach a horizontal level and shows obvious accumulation traces, a lotion pump or treatment pump with strong suction and strong spring force must be selected. High-viscosity pumps are preferred, followed by the use of vacuum flask/bottle packaging. D. If the liquid surface shows obvious accumulation traces and cannot reach a horizontal level within a short period, even high-viscosity pumps need to be verified. Vacuum flask/bottle packaging should be prioritized, or cap packaging should be selected for the cream bottle. E. If the beaker filled with the liquid content is inverted and the liquid cannot pour out within a short period, only vacuum flasks, or other packaging forms such as caps, tubes, and a wide-mouth cream bottle, can be used. 03 Selection Based on the Compatibility Between Lotion Pump or Treatment Pump Raw Materials and the Content The finished plastic bottle or cream bottle product must be able to pass the compatibility test. The finished product that has already dispensed liquid is placed in a high-temperature chamber for 7 days. After removal, it is disassembled and inspected. It is considered qualified if the components of the lotion pump or treatment pump show no cracking, rusting, or deformation, and the liquid shows no discoloration or odor change. 04 Selection Based on the Range of Discharge Output Before a product is launched on the market, there is generally a consumer survey phase, which basically yields a preliminary recommended usage amount. Based on this usage amount, the specification of the lotion pump or treatment pump can be selected accordingly, or the recommended usage amount can be reached by a whole number of pump strokes. Recommended Usage Amount = (1 - 2) * Discharge Output For example: If the recommended usage amount per application from a cream bottle is 1.0ml/time, a lotion pump with a discharge output of 1.0ml/time can be selected, or a treatment pump of 0.5ml/time can also be selected. 05 Selection Based on the Final Packaging Form Once the packaging capacity of the plastic bottle or cream bottle is confirmed, the lotion pump or treatment pump specification is selected based on the size of the packaging capacity combined with the estimated number of uses. Generally, the number of uses for a single package is 100 to 300 times. Example 1: For a confirmed 100ml cream bottle, the specification of the treatment pump or lotion pump can be 1.0ml/time (used approximately 100 times), or the specification can be 0.5ml/time (used around 200 times).   Example 2: For a confirmed 500ml plastic bottle, the specification of the lotion pump can be 2.0ml/time (used approximately 250 times), or the specification can be 3.5ml/time (used around 140 times).

Glass bottles are ancient and widely used containers, and their production process has undergone a long development history. The production process of glass bottles will be introduced below. The production process of glass bottles is mainly divided into the following steps: 1. Raw Material Preparation: The main raw materials for glass bottles are quartz sand, feldspar, limestone, and soda ash, etc. After being processed through crushing, screening, and mixing, these raw materials form the raw material particles for glass bottles. 2. Melting: The mixed raw material particles are sent into a glass furnace for melting. The high temperature in the furnace can melt the raw material particles into liquid glass. During the melting process, a certain amount of flux also needs to be added to lower the melting point and accelerate the melting process. 3. Forming: The melted liquid glass is poured into forming molds and rapidly cooled in an air or vacuum environment, allowing the liquid glass to form a solid bottle body. Forming can be carried out through different methods such as injection blow molding, extrusion molding, and blow-blow molding. 4. Pressing / Post-Forming: After the forming is completed, the glass bottles need to undergo pressing or shaping treatment to eliminate residual stress and distortion generated during the forming process. This step is usually performed on the neck and mouth of the glass bottle (ensuring the dimensions are perfectly compatible with dispensing components such as a crimp pump, fine mist sprayer, lotion pump, or treatment pump). By heating the glass bottle and then using special tools, it is pressed into different shapes. 5. Surface Treatment: After the forming and pressing of the glass bottles, their surfaces usually need to be treated to increase their gloss and aesthetics. This can be achieved through methods such as polishing, acid pickling, and sandblasting. In addition, decorative treatments such as silk-screen printing and hot stamping/decal firing can also be performed on the glass bottles. 6. Inspection and Packaging: In the production process of glass bottles, strict inspection is required to ensure that the quality meets the requirements. Inspection items include appearance, dimensions, thickness, etc., ensuring that the bottle finish fits tightly with closures like a crimp pump, fine mist sprayer, lotion pump, or treatment pump without leakage. Glass bottles that pass the qualified inspection will be packaged, generally using packaging materials such as cartons and plastic bags. The production process of glass bottles requires a high-temperature and high-pressure environment, as well as fine process control and quality inspection. Currently, the application of automation and intelligent technologies is gradually changing the production process of glass bottles, improving production efficiency and product quality.

PETG is a material commonly used in the production of plastic bottles. Its excellent transparency and impact resistance make it a widely used material. The following introduces the production process of PETG bottle blowing. Raw Material Preparation: First, PETG resin needs to be prepared as the raw material. PETG resin is generally supplied in granular or flake form. According to the requirements of the PET bottle, an appropriate amount of pigments and other additives can be added. These bottles can later be equipped with components like a lotion pump or a foamer pump depending on the final product design. Pre-treatment: PETG resin needs to undergo drying treatment before blow molding to remove moisture. Under normal circumstances, the resin is placed in a dryer for preheating and drying treatment to ensure that the humidity of the resin is lower than 0.05%. Extrusion: The dried PETG resin is added to the hopper of the injection machine, and through screw heating and pressure conversion, the resin is melted to form plastic in a molten state. Then, it is extruded through the nozzle of the extruder to shape and form a long plastic tube. Blow Molding: In the mold of the blow molding machine, the plastic tube extruded from the extruder is placed into the cavity of the mold. Then, high-pressure gas (usually compressed air) is injected into the mold to blow and expand the plastic tube into the shape of the mold. At the same time, the cooling system in the mold will rapidly reduce the temperature of the plastic, causing it to solidify quickly. Cooling and Demolding: During the blow molding process, the temperature of the plastic is rapidly reduced by means of cooling water through the cooling system in the mold, causing it to solidify. Once the plastic solidifies, the mold can be opened, and the blown PETG bottle can be taken out. Finishing and Packaging: The taken-out PETG bottles undergo finishing to remove possible residues and are inspected. Then, they are packaged according to product requirements, using cardboard boxes, plastic bags, or other suitable packaging materials. Summary: The PETG bottle blowing production process includes steps such as raw material preparation, pre-treatment, extrusion, blow molding, cooling and demolding, and finishing and packaging. Through these steps, high-quality and highly transparent PETG blow-molded bottles can be produced.

In the cosmetics industry, spray technology is widely applied; whether it is perfume or air freshener, it cannot do without this key technology. As the core tool for achieving the spray effect, the performance of the fine mist sprayer directly impacts the user experience. The fine mist sprayer, also known as an atomizer, is an important matching component of cosmetic containers, such as the plastic bottle and glass bottle, and serves as a content dispenser. It cleverly utilizes the principle of atmospheric balance to easily spray out the liquid inside the bottle through pressing operations. Driven by the high-speed flowing liquid, the gas near the nozzle orifice also flows, causing the gas velocity in this area to increase and the pressure to decrease, thereby forming a local negative pressure zone. This phenomenon causes surrounding air to be sucked into the liquid, forming a gas-liquid mixture and achieving the atomization effect of the liquid. Key Components The components of a conventional fine mist sprayer include the actuator/spray head, diffuser nozzle, center stem, closure, gasket, piston core, piston, spring, housing, and dip tube. Among them, the piston is designed as an open type and is connected to the piston seat, achieving the function of opening the housing when the stem moves upward and sealing the chamber when it moves downward. The design and configuration of each component vary depending on the structure of the sprayer, but their common goal is to efficiently release the contents. Water Discharge Principle Evacuation Process: In the initial state, there is no liquid in the chamber of the base. When the actuator is pressed, the stem drives the piston downward, and the piston then pushes the piston seat, causing the volume of the chamber to compress and the internal air pressure to rise. At this time, the check valve closes the upper end of the dip tube to prevent backflow of the liquid. Since the seal between the piston and the piston seat is not completely airtight, the gas is squeezed out of the gap, pushing them apart and escaping from the chamber. Water Suction Process: After the evacuation is completed, the actuator is released, and the compression force of the spring is released, pushing the piston seat upward. The gap between the piston seat and the piston then closes, while driving the piston and the stem to move upward. In this way, the volume of the chamber gradually increases, and the internal air pressure decreases, forming a near-vacuum state. This state causes the check valve to open, and the air pressure above the liquid level inside the container forces the liquid into the housing, completing the water suction action. Water Discharge Process: The principle of this process is similar to the evacuation process. The main difference is that at this time, the housing is already filled with liquid. When the actuator is pressed again, the check valve quickly closes the upper end of the dip tube to prevent liquid backflow. At the same time, because the liquid is squeezed, it will force open the gap between the piston and the piston seat, flow into the compression tube, and spray out from the nozzle. Atomization Principle When the nozzle orifice diameter is very small and the pressing is smooth, the flow velocity of the liquid when flowing out of the small hole will be very high. This means that there is a high relative flow velocity between the air and the liquid at this time, similar to the situation where high-speed airflow impacts water droplets. Therefore, the subsequent analysis of the atomization principle is exactly identical to the case of a ball-pressure nozzle. The air impacts large water droplets into small water droplets, a process of gradually refining the water droplets. At the same time, the high-speed flowing liquid also drives the gas near the nozzle orifice to flow, increasing the gas velocity near the nozzle orifice and reducing the pressure, thereby forming a local negative pressure zone. This causes surrounding air to be sucked into the liquid, forming a gas-liquid mixture, which in turn produces an atomization effect. Fine mist sprayers are widely used in the cosmetics field, and water-based products such as perfumes, hair gels, and air fresheners, as well as serums, cannot do without the support of this technology. Apart from fine mist sprayers, other dispensing systems like the trigger sprayer and pharmaceutical pump are also widely utilized across different industries. The dispenser is a key component of the fine mist sprayer, and common types include the crimp-on type and the screw-on type. The design of the sprayer head needs to match the neck diameter of the bottle body. Spray specifications are usually between 15mm and 24mm, and the single output is controlled between 0.1ml and 0.2ml. Such specifications are very suitable for the packaging needs of products like perfumes and hair gels. Meanwhile, the length of the tube can be flexibly adjusted according to the height of the bottle body. Spray dosage technology is the key to ensuring an accurate dose for each spray. Common methods include the tare measurement method and the absolute value measurement method, and the error of both methods is controlled within 0.2g. In addition, the size of the housing will also affect the measurement accuracy. The mold production for fine mist sprayers is relatively complex, so the cost is relatively high.

I. Manufacturing Process A lotion pump is a matching tool used to dispense contents from a cosmetics container, such as a plastic bottle or a glass bottle. It is a liquid dispenser that utilizes the principle of atmospheric balance to pump out the liquid inside the bottle by pressing, while allowing ambient air to enter the bottle to replenish the volume. 1. Structural Components A conventional lotion pump head often consists of components such as an actuator/button, upper piston, closure/lock cap, gasket, bottle cap, pump plug, lower piston, spring, pump body, glass ball, and dip tube. Depending on the structural design requirements of different pumps—such as a standard lotion pump, a left-right lock lotion pump, or a treatment pump—the relevant accessories may vary, but the principle and the ultimate goal remain consistent—to effectively dispense the contents from the plastic bottle or glass bottle. 2. Production Process Most components of the pump head are primarily made of plastic materials such as PE, PP, and LDPE, and are manufactured through injection molding. Among them, accessories like glass beads, springs, and gaskets are generally outsourced and purchased. The main components of the pump head can be finished using methods such as electroplating, anodized aluminum shells, spraying, or customized injection molding colors. Graphic and text printing can be applied to both the surface of the pump actuator and the closure surface, using printing processes like hot stamping (gold/silver), silk screen printing, and pad printing. II. Product Structure 1. Product Classification Conventional Diameters: Ф18, Ф20, Ф22, Ф24, Ф28, Ф33, Ф38, etc. (commonly matched with various plastic bottle and glass bottle neck sizes). By Lock Type: Directional block lock, screw lock, clip lock, non-locking, and left-right lock lotion pump. By Structure/Type: External spring pump, plastic spring pump, water-resistant lotion pump, high-viscosity material pump, and treatment pump. By Dispensing Method: Airless bottle type and dip tube type. By Dosage (Output): 0.15/0.2cc (often used for treatment pump types), 0.5/0.7cc, 1.0/2.0cc, 3.5cc, 5.0cc, 10cc and above. 2. Working Principle When the actuator is pressed down manually, the volume in the spring chamber decreases and the pressure rises. The liquid enters the nozzle cavity through the hole in the valve core and is then sprayed out through the nozzle. When the actuator is released, the volume in the spring chamber increases, creating negative pressure. The glass ball opens under the effect of the negative pressure, allowing the liquid in the plastic bottle or glass bottle to enter the spring chamber. At this point, a certain amount of liquid is already stored in the valve body. When the actuator is pressed again, the liquid stored in the valve body will rush upward and spray out through the nozzle. 3. Performance Indicators The primary performance indicators of a lotion pump include: prime strokes (number of empty presses required), dosage (output), actuation force (downward pressure), head opening torque (especially for a left-right lock lotion pump), rebound speed, water ingress indicators, etc. 4. Difference Between Internal Spring and External Spring The external spring does not come into contact with the contents inside the plastic bottle or glass bottle, preventing contamination of the formulation caused by spring rusting. Pump heads (including standard lotion pump, left-right lock lotion pump, and treatment pump) are widely used in the cosmetics industry, with applications spanning skincare, personal care, and perfumes. They are commonly found in product categories such as shampoo, body wash, body lotion, serum, sunscreen lotion, BB cream, liquid foundation, facial cleanser, hand sanitizer, and more.

INDUSTRY INSIGHTS — As consumer packaged goods markets globally shift toward strict environmental compliances, sustainable packaging has transitioned from a marketing choice to a core competitive advantage. In the modern cosmetics and personal care sectors, the demand for a premium, lightweight, and recyclable plastic bottle has skyrocketed. At the forefront of this green transition is the highly adaptable pet bottle, which seamlessly balances luxury aesthetics with sustainable performance. Advanced Material Science: Why the PET Bottle Leads the Industry Today's international beauty brands are increasingly replacing heavy traditional glass containers with advanced plastic bottle materials. A precision-molded pet bottle offers glass-like, crystal-clear clarity and excellent barrier properties while significantly lowering shipping costs and reducing the carbon footprint during transport. Furthermore, its 100% recyclability helps B2B businesses and brands comply with global sustainable packaging regulations. The Synergy of Functionality: Matching Pumps and Sprayers with Precision A high-end formula requires an equally superior dispensing mechanism. To prevent leakage and optimize the user experience, professional manufacturers focus on custom engineering the pairing of the container body, internal mechanics, and external closures. Depending on product viscosity, choosing the correct companion for your pet bottle is essential: For Low-Viscosity Liquids: A premium fine mist sprayer provides a delicate, feather-light atomization. It is the ideal choice for toners, facial mists, and hair care formulations. For Premium Emulsions and Serums: Utilizing an airless or high-performance cream pump protects sensitive ingredients from oxidation. This ensures accurate dosage delivery for skincare serums and targeted treatments. For High-Viscosity Lotions: The heavy-duty lotion pump remains the industry standard for body washes, shampoos, and viscous creams, featuring smooth lock-up systems and consistent actuation. To finalize the packaging integrity, integrating an ergonomic cap or overcap ensures that the entire product line maintains absolute leakage protection and airtight freshness during global distribution. B2B Packaging Strategy for 2026 and Beyond Meeting market demands requires more than just mass-producing generic components. The modern market demands complete, integrated supply chain solutions where the plastic bottle, internal component engineering, and custom cap designs work in perfect synchronization. Partnering with a reliable manufacturing expert guarantees that your product line stands out on the shelves while maintaining international quality compliance.

Rubber components are indispensable in packaging, particularly for dropper assemblies used in skincare, pharmaceuticals, and chemical reagents. Today, we dive into the fundamental science of rubber—from its chemical structure and classification to its primary applications and the inevitable challenge of aging. What is Rubber? Rubber is an elastic polymer that can be sourced naturally from the sap (latex) of specific plants or synthesized artificially. Due to its versatility, it has become a critical economic crop and industrial material, widely used in everything from tires to precision gaskets. Global cultivation is primarily concentrated in Southeast Asia, including Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia. The Chemical Foundation The molecular backbone of a linear polymer chain contains unsaturated double bonds. When exposed to oxygen or sulfur, these double bonds can open to form cross-links between adjacent chains. This process transforms the material into a solid thermosetting polymer. Classification of Rubber 1. By Source Natural Rubber (NR): Harvested primarily from the Hevea brasiliensis tree. The white latex is collected, coagulated, washed, shaped, and dried. Synthetic Rubber: Chemically engineered using various monomers. Since the early 1900s—when chemists identified natural rubber as a polymer of isoprene—the industry has developed numerous varieties like SBR, BR, and Neoprene. Today, synthetic production far exceeds natural rubber output. 2. Structural Categories (Synthetic) Linear Structure: Common in unvulcanized rubber. The long molecular chains are entangled; when stretched and released, they "rebound," which is the source of high elasticity. Branched Structure: Clusters of branched chains can form gels. Gels are detrimental to processing as they prevent additives from dispersing evenly, creating weak spots in the final product. Cross-linked Structure: Through vulcanization, linear molecules are bridged into a 3D network. This reduces chain mobility, decreasing plasticity while significantly increasing strength, hardness, and resilience. 3. By Form Rubber can be found as bulk raw rubber, latex (colloidal water dispersion), liquid rubber (low-molecular-weight oligomers), or powdered rubber. Essential Types and Applications General-Purpose Rubbers Natural Rubber (NR): High strength and excellent integrated performance. Used in medical supplies, tires, and hoses. Isoprene Rubber (IR): Known as "Synthetic Natural Rubber," it mimics NR’s properties and is a staple in tire production. Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR): The highest-output synthetic rubber. Known for good chemical stability; used in footwear, hoses, and tires. Butadiene Rubber (BR): Offers superior cold resistance and wear resistance. It stays cool under dynamic loads and is often blended with other rubbers. Specialty Rubbers Neoprene (CR): Resistant to oil, flame, and oxidation. Widely used for seals in construction, automotive, and cable jacketing. Nitrile Rubber (NBR): Excellent oil resistance. It can withstand temperatures up to 150°C in oil. Note: As a semiconductor, it is not suitable for insulation. Silicone Rubber: Features a silicon-oxygen backbone. It is highly resistant to extreme temperatures and ozone, making it perfect for medical, food-grade, and household products. Fluororubber (FKM): High-tech rubber resistant to heat and chemical corrosion. Essential for aerospace, rocketry, and harsh industrial environments. Polysulfide Rubber: Exceptional resistance to oils and solvents; primarily used as sealants and liners for chemical equipment. The Industry Challenge: Aging What is Rubber Aging? During processing, storage, or use, rubber undergoes physical and chemical changes due to heat, oxygen, and light. This leads to a decline in performance and eventual loss of utility. Common Symptoms: Visual: Softening, stickiness, spotting, cracking, hardening, or discoloration. Physical/Mechanical: Swelling, loss of tensile strength, decreased elasticity, and increased brittleness. Why does it happen? Aging is a result of external factors breaking down the macromolecular chains. These factors include: Physical: Heat, light, electricity, and mechanical stress. Chemical: Oxygen, ozone, acids, alkalis, and metal ions. Biological: Mold, bacteria, and insects (like termites). In most practical scenarios, such as the sidewall of a tire or a dropper bulb, these factors work together. The most frequent culprits are thermal-oxidative aging, followed by ozone and fatigue aging.

Trigger sprayer Trigger sprayers—also known as "hand-pressed" or "pistol-grip" sprayers due to their ergonomic shape—operate as a type of pump sprayer based on their mechanical principle. They are widely utilized across various industries, including household chemicals, automotive care, pet supplies, and gardening products. A Brief History of the Trigger Sprayer 1. Early Origins and Operating Principles Patents for trigger sprayers appeared as early as the 1930s. While there were various differences in shape and structural design, their fundamental operating principles remained essentially the same. 2. Development in China The domestic trigger sprayer in China was co-developed in 1981 by Senior Engineer Jiang Guomin and Chief Physician Wang Weizong (formerly of the Shanghai Municipal Health and Anti-Epidemic Station). It was first mass-produced and launched into the market by the Shanghai Chongming No. 3 Electrical Appliance Factory. 3. Technical Innovations and Leak Prevention To address the issue of leakage in trigger sprayers, two primary methods were initially adopted: Improving the sealing structure. Utilizing heat-shrink film to seal the entire sprayer unit after it was filled with liquid. In 1988, Mr. Jiang Guomin developed a specialized leak-proof structure and designed a three-way adjustable trigger sprayer. This rotating nozzle design featured three settings: Spray (Mist) Stream (Jet) Closed This design was subsequently granted a national patent. 4. Industrial Transition and Competition In the late 1980s, as domestic manufacturers underwent transitions, market competition became increasingly fierce. However, at that time, product assembly in China still relied heavily on manual labor, which was significantly behind the mechanized assembly lines used abroad. 5. Modern Advancements and Automation Although some current domestic manufacturers started later, they have adopted advanced and scientific management philosophies. Today, these companies design and manufacture their own molds and have developed automated assembly lines and quality inspection machines for sprayers and pumps. These automated systems can automatically reject any products with missing parts or functional defects, ensuring rigorous quality control and assurance. Structural Classification of Trigger Sprayers Currently, the market structure of sprayers is categorized into several types: standard trigger sprayers, multi-functional trigger sprayers, high-output trigger sprayers, and dual-container quantitative mixing sprayers. The specific classification of these products is determined by their spray effects and discharge volume. Testing and Quality Control (1) Incoming Quality Control (IQC) Scope: Includes inspection of outsourced parts and materials such as cartons, plastic bags, glass beads, gaskets, color masterbatches, raw materials, and springs. Procedure: Conduct appearance, dimension, and functional verification for every batch of incoming supplies; maintain detailed inspection reports. Non-conformance: Defective items will be issued a Non-Conformance Report (NCR) and returned to the supplier. (2) In-Process Quality Control - Injection Molding (IPQC) Procedure: Self-inspection by the production workshop during the process. Standards: Based on product inspection instructions and specialized testing equipment. Routine: QC performs shift inspections for appearance and functionality; patrol inspections are conducted every 2 hours with recorded reports. First Article Inspection (FAI): Conducted and recorded for every new machine startup, color change, or mold adjustment. (3) In-Process Quality Control - Assembly (IPQC) Procedure: Self-inspection by the production workshop during assembly. Standards: Based on customer standards, finished product inspection instructions, and testing equipment. Routine: FAI is conducted at every machine startup or line changeover; QC performs patrol inspections every 2 hours. Key Metrics: Testing and recording data for strokes to prime (pump count), discharge volume, total height, and dip tube length. (4) Final Quality Control (FQC) Standards: Based on criteria provided by the customer. Procedure: QC performs sampling inspections after the product is packaged. Testing Items: Comprehensive testing of appearance and functionality, including pump counts, output per stroke, and dip tube length; all data is recorded. (5) Outgoing Quality Control (OQC) Procedure: Perform appearance and dimension inspections based on customer standards. Documentation: Record data in a Certificate of Analysis (COA) report, which is provided to the customer upon delivery for reference and final confirmation.

I.Purpose   To standardize the testing method for the discharge volume (dosage) of perfume crimp sprayer, lotion pump, fine mist sprayer, and trigger sprayer pumps.   II. Scope   This test method is applicable to all pumps used for alcohol-based or viscous products.   III. Instruments and equipment required for use   Balance/Electronic Scale: Accurate to 0.01g   Test Media:     96%Ethanol solution (for perfume pumps).                        Water (for lotion pumps and spray pumps).   IV. Testing Procedures   1.Sampling Stage:     Development phase: Select 10 representative samples.     Internal inspection stage: Sampling should be carried out according to the "Routine Inspection Single            Sampling Plan" in GB/T 2828-2012.   2.The product is placed in a 23 ℃/50% RH environment for 24 hours;    Identify the bottle to be tested.   3.Fill each bottle with 96% ethanol solution (perfume pump) or 100ml water (lotion pump, fine mist spray pump, etc.) of the marked capacity of the product.   4.Manually press the pump head until the liquid is discharged.   5.Press again 10 times (once per second).   6.Place the bottle on the balance and set the tare weight to 0g.   7.Remove the bottle from the balance and press it again 10 times (once per second).   8.Weigh the bottle.   9.Divide the displayed value by 10 to obtain the dispensing volume of the dispenser, and record the dispensing volume.   V. Calculation and Conversion   For water(lotion pump), we will not consider the density of water. (ρ water=1.00 g/cm ³)   For Ethanol (Perfume Pumps): The density of 96% ethanol must be considered:(ρ Ethanol 96%=0.83 g/cm ³)   VI. Defect Classification and Evaluation   Defect description Defect Classification Zero Defect   Serious AQL  0.15% Main AQL  0.65% Slight AQL 1.5% Very Slightly AQL  4.0% The liquid output does not meet the packaging material standards     √     VII. Sample Retention Policy All tested samples and original reference samples must be retained for 6 months following the completion of the test.

Definition of a Foam Pump   A foam pump is a type of pump designed to dispense the contents together with air, producing foam upon discharge. It is commonly used in the packaging of products such as hand soaps, detergents, and other cleansing formulations. Development History of Foam Pumps Before the invention of the foam pump, foam was typically dispensed using aerosol products. These relied either on liquefied propellants to expand the discharged material into foam, or on post-foaming agents that caused the expelled gel to foam. The first foam pump intended for everyday consumer use in the true sense was the finger-operated foamer pump introduced in 1995 by Airspray, a company based in the Netherlands. This finger-operated foam pump is characterized by a structure consisting of two main components: an air pump and a liquid pump. Inside the pump body, the liquid is thoroughly mixed with air before being dispensed. The output volume is stable, operation is simple, and performance is not affected by user technique. As a result, the quality of the dispensed foam is consistently high.Compared with aerosol foam products, finger-operated foam pumps offer several significant advantages. First, they do not require propellants, which eliminates environmental pollution concerns as well as flammability and explosion risks. They also do not require metal containers or gas-filling and sealing equipment, resulting in lower costs and allowing for repeated use. Second, the liquid formulations used with finger-operated foam pumps are predominantly water-based and are essentially non-volatile organic compounds (VOCs), giving them greater promotional and regulatory advantages. Third, these pumps can be used with containers of various shapes, including square, triangular, and oval designs. In addition, since there is no internal pressure in the container prior to use, a wider range of container materials can be selected. In the late 1990s, the development of finger-operated foam pumps began to gain momentum in China. Because the structural principles of finger-operated foam pumps are similar to those of conventional plastic pump heads, some manufacturers originally engaged in plastic pump head production were among the first to enter the development of foam pump products. After more than a decade of accumulated experience, product technology and manufacturing capabilities improved significantly. However, despite substantial progress by some domestic manufacturers, there remains considerable room for improvement in product stability and production yield rates. In general, insufficient investment in research and development, inadequate theoretical expertise, and limited technological innovation have resulted in a narrow product range and intense industry competition. The lack of core patents has also prevented products from entering international markets, all of which are unfavorable to the long-term development of the industry. Compared with their domestic counterparts, overseas manufacturers have continued to make steady advances in technological innovation. Since the introduction of first-generation finger-operated foam pumps, numerous innovations in appearance and structural design have emerged. Each company has developed its own core technologies, with manufacturers from South Korea and Japan in particular demonstrating strong momentum in the personal care packaging industry and showing a trend toward surpassing European and American competitors. Applications of Foam Pumps Following the introduction of finger-operated foam pumps, they were quickly embraced by personal care and household product brands, leading to rapid market growth. Today, they are widely used in industries such as personal care, household cleaning, automotive care, and pet care. At present, the most widespread application of finger-operated foam pumps in China is in the hand soap sector. In 2002, Walch was the first to introduce “Magic Foam” hand soap to the domestic market, becoming the first brand in China to launch a foaming hand soap product. After its introduction, Magic Foam hand soap gained strong consumer recognition due to its practicality, convenience, ease of use, attractive packaging, and its ability to effectively reduce secondary cross-contamination. Recognizing the significant market potential of foaming hand soap, other personal care brands soon followed by launching their own foaming hand soap products. Structural Description of Foam Pump Products From the perspective of internal structure, a finger-operated foam pump mainly consists of the following five components: Actuation SectionThis section transmits force to other internal components when the actuator is pressed. Through the spring mechanism, it enables the downward compression and upward rebound cycle of the foam pump and controls liquid discharge. The actuator head can be designed in various shapes and colors according to requirements. Liquid ChamberDuring downward actuation, the liquid in the chamber is forced out. When the actuator rebounds, liquid from the bottle is drawn into the chamber. The spring installed inside the liquid chamber provides the rebound force. Air ChamberSimilar in function to the liquid chamber, the air chamber draws in and expels air rather than liquid. Dip Tube SectionThis component connects the liquid inside the bottle to the pump assembly. It serves as the channel through which liquid enters the liquid chamber, ensuring rapid dispensing and minimizing residual liquid inside the bottle. Air–Liquid Mixing ChamberWhen the actuator is pressed, liquid and air from the liquid chamber and air chamber are thoroughly mixed and pressurized within the mixing chamber. The mixture passes through a fine mesh screen, producing a dense and delicate foam. The working principle of foam pumps available on the market is generally the same. Compared with traditional pumps, finger-operated foam pumps have a more complex structure, mainly due to the additional air chamber. The pump itself is the core functional component of the product, determining the dispensing volume, foaming performance, and operational stability. A typical finger-operated foam pump structure includes the following components: (1) Actuator(2) Filter Seat(3) Large piston(4) Closure(5) Gasket(6) Small piston(7) Pin(8) Valve(9) Pump body(10) Spring(11) Auxiliary column(12) Ball (13) Dip tube During operation, when the actuator (1) is pressed, it drives the large piston (3), small piston (6), and related components downward, applying load to the spring (10). The ball valve remains closed, and as the volume of the liquid chamber decreases, the liquid is compressed and flows upward through the discharge channel. Simultaneously, air expelled from the air chamber mixes with the liquid at the mesh insert. The surfactants contained in the liquid combine with air to form foam, which is then discharged from the nozzle. When the actuator is released, the spring pushes the pistons upward, creating negative pressure in both the air chamber and liquid chamber. The air inlet valve opens, allowing air to enter the air chamber, while the ball valve opens and liquid is drawn through the dip tube into the liquid chamber. This cycle then repeats continuously.